Spatial variation and prediction of forest biomass in a heterogeneous landscape

Large areas assessments of forest biomass distribution are a challenge in heterogeneous landscapes, where variations in tree growth and species composition occur over short distances. In this study, we use statistical and geospatial modeling on densely sampled forest biomass data to analyze the relative importance of ecological and physiographic variables as determinants of spatial variation of forest biomass in the environmentally heterogeneous region of the Big Sur, California. We estimated biomass in 280 forest plots (one plot per 2.85 km2) and measured an array of ecological (vegetation community type, distance to edge, amount of surrounding non-forest vegetation, soil properties, fire history) and physiographic drivers (elevation, potential soil moisture and solar radiation, proximity to the coast) of tree growth at each plot location. Our geostatistical analyses revealed that biomass distribution is spatially structured and autocorrelated up to 3.1 km. Regression tree (RT) models showed that both physiographic and ecological factors influenced biomass distribution. Across randomly selected sample densities (sample size 112 to 280), ecological effects of vegetation community type and distance to forest edge, and physiographic effects of elevation, potential soil moisture and solar radiation were the most consistent predictors of biomass. Topographic moisture index and potential solar radiation had a positive effect on biomass, indicating the importance of topographically-mediated energy and moisture on plant growth and biomass accumulation. RT model explained 35% of the variation in biomass and spatially autocorrelated variation were retained in regession residuals. Regression kriging model, developed from RT combined with kriging of regression residuals, was used to map biomass across the Big Sur. This study demonstrates how statistical and geospatial modeling can be used to discriminate the relative importance of physiographic and ecologic effects on forest biomass and develop spatial models to predict and map biomass distribution across a heterogeneous landscape.     

祁连山青海云杉林土壤理化指标空间变异性分析

通过对祁连山青海云杉分布带不同土壤剖面（0~40 cm）及不同海拔梯度上（2 500-3 100）土壤的温度、有机质、容重、水分等特征的分析,揭示土壤特性在空间上的变化规律。研究发现土壤温度随剖面深度的增加和海拔梯度的上升,都表现为明显的增大趋势。在0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-40 cm土层内,土壤有机质含量分别为（135.2±24.6）g/kg、（111.2±14.3）g/kg、（91.7±12.9）g/kg,变异系数分别为18.23%、12.83%、14.10%;土壤有机质含量随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低,随海拔升高逐渐增加;土壤容重在剖面层次上具有明显的增大趋势,在海拔梯度上随海拔升高逐渐减小;土壤水分在0~40 cm土层内随着深度的增加逐渐减小,在海拔梯度上表现为波动变化,无明显的上升或下降趋势。     

Soil water characteristics in glacial till at two forest sites in Sweden

Soil water characteristics were determined in 6 soil profiles along a Norway spruce forested sandy‐loamy till hillslope in Southern and Northern Sweden, respectively. The soil moisture class was mesic at both sites, i.e. having well drained soil water conditions. Two different Podzols; Leptic and Orthic, were developed at each site respectively. The vertical distribution of soil water retention capacity (SWRC) was similar in the different profiles at each site respectively. The SWRC of the mineral soil was significantly higher in the spodic B horizon compared to the other horizons. In concordance with the vertical distribution of SWRC, the largest amount of organic matter in the mineral soil, measured as ignition loss, was also found in the spodic B horizon. The significantly higher SWRC in the spodic B horizon, i.e. the ¡lluvial horizon, was suggested to depend on the accumulated organic‐sesquioxide material in this horizon. As SWRC reached maximum values in the spodic B horizon at all tensions applied, it was further suggested that soil formation in the studied profiles enhanced the formation of both micro‐ and macropores in the spodic B horizon. The variation of SWRC, at a certain level in the soil, was often larger within a profile than between the profiles at each site respectively.     

Influence of local stand basal area on density and growth of regeneration in uneven‐aged Picea abies stands

In single‐tree selection, trees removed by harvest or lost through mortality are replaced by ingrowth from the seedling/sapling bank. Because the level of ingrowth is governed not only by the recruitment rate of new seedlings, but also by mortality and growth rates within the seedling/sapling stratum, knowledge of how these processes are related to the tree stratum is important for successful application of single‐tree selection. Therefore, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) regeneration (0.1 m ≤ height ≤ 2.0 m) was measured on seventy 100 m² circular subplots at each of two sites in central and northern Sweden. Both sites had previously been selectively logged, but the time elapsed since the last harvest was at least 30 yrs. Basal area of trees of at least 2 m height within three different radii from the subplot centres was measured. Measurements on regeneration included height and leader length. Influence of local stand basal area on density and growth of regeneration was analysed by ordinary least‐squares linear regression for each of four height intervals. Regeneration was significantly aggregated at both sites, but number of Norway spruce seedlings and saplings per circular subplot was not correlated to local stand basal area. Out of 36 regressions, only eight showed a significantly (p < 0.05) negative correlation between seedling and sapling height growth and local stand basal area. In five of these cases, removal of one point (subplot) made p > 0.05. The results suggest that density and growth of Norway spruce regeneration in selectively logged uneven‐aged Norway spruce stands is affected more by ground conditions than by local stand basal area.     

小兴安岭红松针阔混交林林分空间结构分析

用角尺度、混交度、大小比数3个空间结构参数对黑龙江省凉水自然保护区的红松针阔混交林进行分析,用Hegyi竞争指数分析种内种间竞争关系,为制定合理的森林保护措施提供依据。分析结果表明:林木分布格局为随机分布;总体来看该林分处于强度混交向极强度混交过渡的状态,单一树种聚集在一起的情况较少,大多与其它不同树种混交;各树种在林木大小分化程度上存在很大差异,针叶树种较占优势,阔叶树种则分化严重,既有占优势树种又有受压树种;林分的种内竞争大于种间竞争。     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林土壤物理性质小尺度空间异质性研究

采用地统计学的方法,对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林土壤物理性质小尺度空间异质性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)土壤各物理性质空间异质性明显,其半方差函数可以用指数模型、高斯模型和球状模型拟合,变程变化范围为10.810 48.650 m,块金值与基台值比值范围为10.2%87.8%,表明各物理性质有不同程度的空间自相关性;土壤孔隙度和持水特性有较大的块金值,说明存在小尺度(<10 m)的空间异质性;(2)普通克里格插值及绘制物理性质空间分布轮廓图表明,土壤各物理性质在空间分布上具有斑块性,各物理性质在不同土壤深度的空间分布有一定的一致性,地形是影响土壤物理性质空间分布格局的一个主要原因。     

香格里拉县云南松林遥感辅助识别特征研究

以香格里拉县云南松林为研究对象,分别从云南松林的空间分布特征、植被指数特征和像元亮度特征三个方面,提取和归纳了云南松林的遥感辅助识别特征,旨在为今后的云南松林遥感分类识别提供方法借鉴。     

三叠井森林公园空气负离子的时空分布特征

对三叠井森林公园内10个具有代表性的景点7:00-18:00的空气正、负离子浓度、温度、相对湿度进行测定与分析,并以单极系数和空气离子评价指数为标准对其空气质量进行评价.结果表明:三叠井森林公园空气负离子浓度在7:00-18∶00时变化特征呈现出两头高、中间低的“V”字形形态;空气负离子浓度与温度呈线性负相关关系,而与空气湿度呈线性正相关关系;空气负离子浓度的空间分布特征为:鸳鸯瀑布＞坪溪＞奇树湾＞古槠亭＞竹柏林＞鳄鱼潭＞天籁谷＞状元帽＞熊面壁＞观景台;所有观测点的空气质量均达到了A级.     

基于路网的石羊河流域乡镇空间测度

道路交通的通达性是城市空间相互作用和经济联系的重要前提。本研究利用ArcGIS的网络分析和空间分析功能在对石羊河流域公路交通网络通达性定量评价的基础上,采用引力、潜力和场强模型对区域内7个县（区）的空间相互作用程度、城市潜力值和城市的辐射场强进行定量测度和比较分析。研究发现,凉州区对区域内城市作用力最强,城市对外相互作用潜力大,辐射带动作用强度高。区域整体上形成了以金川区、凉州区为中心的辐射中心,其对区域内其他县、区的辐射强度随交通距离增加和道路通达性降低而不断减小。     

移动GIS在农村土地调查中的应用

简要介绍了移动GIS在农村土地调查中的系统原理与设计、系统功能、系统的实现及工作步骤和系统实施的效果。